{"id":11126,"date":"2026-01-10T08:02:10","date_gmt":"2026-01-10T00:02:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/beginners-guide-to-entity-relationship-er-diagrams\/"},"modified":"2026-01-10T08:02:10","modified_gmt":"2026-01-10T00:02:10","slug":"beginners-guide-to-entity-relationship-er-diagrams","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.visual-paradigm.com\/vn\/beginners-guide-to-entity-relationship-er-diagrams\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ER)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ER) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c entiti trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c entiti kh\u00e1c nhau li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u cho b\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho b\u1ea1n c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp m\u1eabu phong ph\u00fa c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong Visual Paradigm Online, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n<h2>1. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c entiti, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u00ean trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<p><img alt=\"Online ERD Tool\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/01-online-erd-tool.png\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>2. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER<\/h2>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh sau:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Entiti:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong>M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c entiti, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00ean kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong>Minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c entiti \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhau.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>3. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i entiti<\/h2>\n<p>Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i entiti ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Entiti m\u1ea1nh:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t entiti t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Entiti y\u1ebfu:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t entiti ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t entiti kh\u00e1c (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 entiti cha) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt k\u00e9p.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Entiti li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t entiti \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a gi\u1eefa hai entiti kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c entiti li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t (1:1):<\/strong>M\u1ed9t entiti trong m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t entiti duy nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (1:N):<\/strong>M\u1ed9t entiti trong m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u entiti trong t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t (N:1):<\/strong>Nhi\u1ec1u entiti trong m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t entiti duy nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (N:N):<\/strong> Nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>5. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh cung c\u1ea5p th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh:<\/strong> Bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh suy ra:<\/strong> C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb:<\/strong> Ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f3a:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh duy nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>6. Cardinality<\/h2>\n<p>Cardinality ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u0111a, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 (min, max).<\/p>\n<h2>7. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER<\/h2>\n<p>H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<code>S\u00e1ch<\/code>, <code>T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/code>, <code>Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n<\/code>, <code>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u01b0\u1ee3n<\/code><\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<code>T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft S\u00e1ch<\/code>, <code>S\u00e1ch n\u1eb1m trong Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n<\/code>, <code>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u01b0\u1ee3n S\u00e1ch<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>8. H\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu Visual Paradigm Online<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\">Visual Paradigm Online<\/a> cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp l\u1edbn c\u00e1c <a href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/diagrams\/templates\/entity-relationship-diagram\/data-field-entity-relationship-diagram\/\">m\u1eabu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER<\/a> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc qua v\u00ed d\u1ee5. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u:<\/p>\n<p id=\"CfFgEwc\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-20438\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"465\" loading=\"lazy\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1121px) 100vw, 1121px\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/img_650bd238d03c8.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/img_650bd238d03c8.png 1121w, https:\/\/blog.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/img_650bd238d03c8-300x124.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/img_650bd238d03c8-1030x427.png 1030w, https:\/\/blog.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/img_650bd238d03c8-768x319.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/img_650bd238d03c8-150x62.png 150w, https:\/\/blog.visual-paradigm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/img_650bd238d03c8-400x166.png 400w\" width=\"1121\"\/><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0110\u0103ng k\u00fd:<\/strong>T\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed tr\u00ean Visual Paradigm Online.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu:<\/strong>Duy\u1ec7t qua th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c m\u1eabu cho nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng, t\u1ed3n kho v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa.<\/li>\n<li><strong>T\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh:<\/strong>Ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00eam ho\u1eb7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/li>\n<li><strong>H\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi:<\/strong>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhau. Ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh cardinality.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh:<\/strong>Th\u1eed t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang b\u1ea1n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u1eabu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>9. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 &#8211; Quan h\u1ec7 (ER) l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhau. Visual Paradigm Online cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER th\u00f4ng qua th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n m\u1eabu phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu, t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh ch\u00fang, r\u1ed3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. V\u1edbi luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Entiti-Quan h\u1ec7 (ER) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c entiti trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. 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